beziehung zwischen deutschland und england :: essays research papers

England ein Land voller TraditionenTrotz allen Beharrens auf liebgewonnenen Traditionen, die manchmal in unseren Augen etwas skurril anmuten zum Beispiel, dass der Speaker of the House of Commons, der Prsilairt des britischen Unterhauses, vor jeder Parlamentssitzung mit einer Handvoll seiner Mitarbeiter im Gleichschritt im Parlamentsgebude einen ganz bestimmten, festgelegten Weg nehmen muss, um zu seinem Arbeitsplatz zu kommen, und dass sein Kommen dabei jedes Mal umstndlich angekndigt wird, wo doch jeder wei, wann morgens die Plenarsitzung beginnt also obwohl Tradition immer noch hoch im Kurs steht Grobritannien ist sehr viel moderner als frher. Eine neue Generation hat in allen Bereichen, von der Politik ber die Wirtschaft bis zur Publizistik, den Stab bernommen. Das ist unverkennbar. Und das hat natrlich auch Auswirkungen auf das deutsch-britische Verhltnis. Schon vor ber hundert Jahren schrieb Lord capital of Zimbabwe an Bismarck "Zwischen keinen zwei Lndern sollte die Ve rstndigung so gut sein wie zwischen den unsrigen". Und tatschlich Die politischen Beziehungen zwischen Deutschland und dem Vereinigten Knigreich sind nun schon ber mehreren Generationen hinweg stabil gut. Es gibt einen regen Austausch zwischen den Regierungschefs, aber auch auf den niedrigeren Regierungsebenen und zwischen den Parlamenten. Und wie eng unsere Gesellschaften gerade im Bereich der Wirtschaft miteinander verbunden sind, braucht man sicher nicht besonders hervorzuheben. Deutschland ist nach den USA fr Grobritannien der wichtigste Handelspartner, und bei uns kommt Grobritannien nach Frankreich und den USA auch gleich an dritter Stelle. Es findet also auch hier ein reger Austausch statt. Und dennoch drngt sich, trotz der guten politischen und wirtschaftlichen Beziehungen, oft der Eindruck auf, dass Deutschland und Grobritannien im Grunde ferne Nachbarn sind. Zurecht ist von einem gescheiten Beobachter gesagt worden, dass es eine "Illusion der Vertrautheit" in u nseren Beziehungen gebe. Hier spielt der Generationswechsel eine Rolle, aber keineswegs nur eine positive. So paradox es klingen mag im Zeichen von Internet und weltweiter Kommunikation Die Grndergenerationen seit Beginn der 50er Jahre wussten in mancherlei Hinsicht wahrscheinlich mehr voneinander als die heutige Generation. So geht die Zahl der jungen Menschen, die in Grobritannien Deutsch lernen wie insgesamt die Zahl derer, die eine Fremdsprache lernen seit Jahren immer mehr zurck. Inzwischen legen nur noch etwa 1 % der Oberschler eine ihrer A-Level Prfungen in etwa mit unserem Abitur vergleichbar - im Fach Deutsch ab. Entsprech repeal wenige studieren anschlieend Deutsch, und entsprechend ist auch auf britischer Seite das ohnehin eher bescheidene Interesse an Schleraustauschprogrammen mit Deutschland zurckgegangen.

Summary On The Spirit Catches You And You Fall Down By Ann Fadiman Essa

The Spirit Catches You And You F solely D suffer by Ann Fadiman is a precise interesting watchword. Its amazing how difficult it is for Americans to understand new(prenominal) cultures because the United States is such a diverse country. However, as an American, I understood the frustrations that Lia Lees doctors felt when arduous to diagnose and treat her properly. In this book both the American doctors and the Hmong peoples faced many hardships and barriers when trying to communicate with each other. After having read this book I can understand where both groups were access from and reasons for their actions. I could only imagine the level of difficulty and anger that the doctors and Lias parents must have experienced over that time period.The two items that I pull up stakes be discussing are questions one and two. Looking at the Lee family from a psycho-social perspective, I would say that they are a very close nit family who value their culture. The wife, Foua is very indep endent in the sense that she gave birth to all(prenominal) of her children except Lia, without any help or assistance from anyone. Also because she worked in the fields all through and through her pregnancies. The husband, Nao Kao is a very loving, and supporting to his wife and children. The Lees value their beliefs and believe strongly in their customs. They possess close nit ties to other Hmong people and although they were taught their own healing remedies, they are somewhat accepting of western customs as well.While reading this book, I identified many problems and stressors. Some of them include the vocabulary barrier, which made it hard for doctors to ask questions like whats the problem, where does it hurt, how bad is the pain, etc. The language barrier also made it hard for doctors to explain diagno... ... had previously had experienced. I think Jeanine taught them a valuable lesson in the sense that all Americans are not the same. We all are not capable of understanding other cultures and peoples. We all do not pass judgments or view those who are different from us in a negative way. All Americans are not trying to convert other people into their way of life. We all dont feel that our culture is superior to others. Americans can be open- minded individuals. Not all Americans agree with all of the laws of our country. Overall I believe that having Jeanine as their social worker, the Lees and Lias doctors learned some valuable lessons. The Spirit Catches You And You strike Down is an excellent read. I would recommend that everyone read this book especially people whose professions requires them to do extensive work with people from different backgrounds and cultures.

Problems in the Further Implementation of Sage Philosophy :: Philosophical Africa Essays

Problems in the Further Implementation of Sage PhilosophyABSTRACT With the recent death of Prof. H. Odera Oruka, founder of the sage doctrine school of research aboded at the University of Nairobi, there is a need to look at some straightaway-problematic issues. I paint a picture that the original impetus for get-go the sage philosophy project-the defense against Euro-American skeptics who thought Africans incapable of philosophizing-has been outgr feature. The present need for studies of African sages is to benefit from their wisdom, both in Africa and around the world. I also suggest that the title sage has to be problematized. While there were good reasons to focus earlier on rural elders as overlooked wise philosophers, the emphasis now should be on admiring philosophical thought wherever it may be foundin women, youth, and urban Africans as well. In such a way, philosophy will be further relevant to peoples lives, and further light will be shed and shared regarding the live d experience in Africa.Odera Orukas Own Criticism of Sage PhilosophyDespite his pride in launching what many consider an important project in African philosophy, the publications of Odera Oruka himself express some doubts about the project. For example, in his essay Philosophy in East Africa and the Future of Philosophical Research in Africa, he seems to refer to his own project as one of passing historical significance. There, after criticizing Tempels and other ethnophilosophers, he admits that he himself indulge(s) in some kind of anthropological-cum-philosophical research. He said projects like his own sage philosophy and Sumners researches into historical texts of Ethiopian philosophy were necessary at that historical point, but would soon give way to nationalist-ideological and professional-technical philosophy, trends he saying as more central to the future of African philosophy. In Sage Philosophy Revisited, he states that sage philosophy started as a reaction to a positi on which Europeans had adopted about Africa that Africans are not capable of philosophy. So, does this imply that once Europeans change their perceptions of Africans, there will no longer be a need for professional philosophers to search out the ideas of wise rural sages? Even in this late essay, OderaOruka continues to suggest that his work merely serves as a base for other forms of philosophy which will emerge in the future, but which he cant imagine right now. By base he seems to mean a assembling of texts to which professional academic philosophers can turn, instead of always consulting European ones Odera Oruka (1996, Ch.

Neurological Effects of Fos B Gene on Behavior of Mice Essay -- Biolog

The purpose of this study is to gain an understanding of the fos B cistron and its neurological cause on the behavior of mice through the analysis of A Defect in Nurturing in Mice Lacking the Immediate Early Gene fos B appearing in the July 26 issue of Cell. Through various chemical and behavioral tests it is found that fos B mothers demonstrate an inability to nurture their young. It was shown that the neglect of expression of the fos B gene in certain areas of the brain was the probable cause of the lack of the nurturing response in the mutant mice.BackgroundImmediate Early Genes (IEGs)When the central nervous organization of an organism receives a stimulus, such as light, visual images, odors, etc., programs of gene expression are initiated. This expression of genes can start within minutes of receipt of the stimulus, and exit for many hours in certain parts of the brain. The very first genes to be expressed are called the Immediate Early Genes. These genes can be transcribed nigh immediately without the formation of new proteins.fos B A Member of the fos FamilyThe fos B gene belongs to a group of genes known as the fos family. The fos family has four members c-fos, fos B, fra-1, and fra-2. The members of the fos family work in conjunction with a group called the Jun family. The protein that is produced as a result of fos gene expression can be dimerized with Jun prodeits utilizing a leucine zipper domain. This unit then binds to a certain region of DNA.The fos family of genes are expressed during a variety of adaptive neural responses. It has been found that fos related proteins are activated in areas of the nervous arrangement that are needed for nurturing behavior. Creating a fos B lacking PopulationIn or... ...e results of these tests point to a defect in a region of the brain that is unique(predicate) for nuturing. So, areas of the brain were fos B was expressed were analyzed. It was seen that the fos B gene was expressed in the preoptic area of the hypothalamus and in the main and accessory olfactory bulbs, as well as the pyriform cortex. All of these areas have been shown, in previous studies, to be related to the nuturing response. As a result, the lack of expression of the fos B gene is directly related to the lack of nuturing behavior in mutants, probably due to a lack of gene expression in one, or more of these areas. Bibliography1. Brown, J.R., Ye, H., Bronson, R. T., Dikkes, P., Greenberg, M. E. A Defect in Nurturing in Mice Lacking the Immediate Early Gene fosB. Cell 86 (1996) 297 - 309.2. Cohen, John. Does Nature Drive Nurture? Science 273 (1996) 577

Euthanasia :: Death Ethics Morals Papers

Euthanasia Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues affecting all realms of society and unavoidably to be closely examined. In order to take away deep enough into the issue, the religious, legal, cultural, ethical, medical, and spiritual ramifications of euthanasia from both proponents and opponents of euthanasia need to be explored. The following intervention of euthanasia will inform people slightly euthanasia and to help them draw their own conclusions. I. Introduction Euthanasia comes from the Greek and means easy, happy death. Webster defines it as an easy and painless death, or, an act or method of causing death painlessly so as to end suffering advocated by some as a way to deal with victims of incurable disease. Yet one more group, the Euthanasia Society, defines euthanasia as termination of human life by painless means for the adjudicate of ending severe physical suffering. What is euthanasia on a more intimate level? Some call euthanasia be nignity killing an others call it murder. Euthanasia is one of the most controversial issues affecting all realms of society and needs to be closely examined. In order to delve deep enough into the issue, the religious, legal, cultural, ethical, medical, and spiritual ramifications of euthanasia from both proponents and opponents of euthanasia need to be explored. The following discussion of euthanasia will inform people about euthanasia and to help them draw their own conclusions. What should people know about euthanasia before deciding how they view euthanasia? To clarify matters, there be two types of euthanasia, passive and active. Both boast the end result of ending the life of a terminally ill person. Passive euthanasia can prevail from discontinuing life-sustaining medical treatment (such as removing patients who cannot breath on their own from a respirator) to giving pain medications such as morphine in amounts that have the side effect of hastening death (6). Act ive euthanasia is a direct act by a physician or other person that has the purpose of ending a life. It is often done by giving the patient a lethal chemical injection or IV drip or by inhaling a deadly gas (10). Euthanasia is such a controversial topic because it brings forth questions about the morality of killing, the effectiveness of consent, the duties of physicians, and equity in the distribution of resources (1).

King Midas :: essays research papers

Long ago, during the time of knights and dragons, there lived a king named Midas. He was considered iodin of the richest men on earth, but just like the many wealthy people around, money did not bring much happiness to him. Unsatisfied, he past assumed that perhaps being the richest among the rich could be the answer to his desires for a better life. Once, our friend was sitting on his throne, contemplating the meaning of life like he always did at lonely times, when his honorable servants came rushing to him. In one of their arms carried a dwarf of an antiquated man. Bewildered, King Midas asked with a tone of pitch contour in his voice, Who is this funny-looking little man? He looks like that idiot friend of mine, ConfuciusMaster, do not be rude one of the servants warned. He continued, this time susurrant This man here is Silenus. He happens to be the friend of the great god, BacchusWhere did u find him? Midas demanded to know. An encounter with the friend of god seemed near ly impossible. We found him, unconscious, under the apple tree in our garden. Apparently he had tried to reach for the fruits when your pet dog, Chap, thought he was a thief, so he went charging at Silenus, knocking the daylights away of him, reported the servant. Silenus lay in the arms of the young man, fast asleep. Midas then ordered the servants to bring him to a guestroom and watch over him. When Silenus woke from his deep sleep, he was all told dazed, unable to recall whom he was. He had lost his memory.Midas offered the old man accommodations at his palace for as many days as he would prefer. He allowed the old man to eat as much as he wanted to. He just wanted the man to feel comfortable during his stay. The old man grew pudden-headd easily as he had found the entertainment available at the Midas Palace was not suited for old geezers like himself. As a result, the King himself got bored at Silenus. He had attempts to make friends with the friend of God, but the old man c ould not recall a single social function about his friend, and he prefers spending most his time eating apples under the tree. Midas decided he had to return Silenus back to Bacchus before his life becomes a bore too.

Advanced Network Management Essay

Short for remote monitoring, RMON is a ne twainrk management protocol that allows network breeding to be gathered at a single workstation. The RMON has been specially designed to wait on network manager to understand the operation of the network as a all in all and as an individual devices (switches, routers, hosts,) and how its affect its mode of operation. RMON provides network administrators with more freedom in selecting network-monitoring look intos and consoles with features that meet their particular networking needs. RMON was defined by the user community with the help of the Internet Engineering Task Force (IETF). It became a proposed standard in 1992 as RFC 1271 (for Ethernet) and then became a draft standard in 1995 as RFC 1757, efficaciously obsoleting RFC 1271. The RMON standard was developed in order to resolve issues that other management protocols were not able to handle it properly and discount be supported by hardware monitoring devices (known as probes) or th rough software or some kind of combination. For example, any vendor LAN switches includes software in for each one switch that can trap information as traffic flows through and record it in its MIB. A software agent can gather the information for presentation to the network administrator with a graphical user interface. A number of vendors provide products with various kinds of RMON support.RMON collects nine kinds of information, including packets sent, bytes sent, packets dropped, statistics by host, by conversations between two sets of addresses, and certain kinds of events that have occurred, alarms, history, statistics and much more. A network administrator can find out how much bandwidth or traffic each user is exalted on the network and what Web sites are being accessed. Alarms can be set in order to be aware of impending problems. (Rouse, 2010) An RMON probe can sometimes be management appliance software or could be in the device that is managed. They can in addition resi de near monitored network elements. The probe analyzes RMON information such as traffic and alarms. RMON probes delegate certain tasks such as collecting statistics, periodic polling, subscribing to certain notifications, and generating threshold-crossing alerts through specific configuration of MIBs. well-nigh advantages of utilizing RMON probes are that they reduce SNMP traffic as well as reduce the processing load of the clients. They also use periodic polling instead of continual polling which also reduces processes. (Clemm, 2007)References* Clemm, A. Network Management Fundamentals Edition 1 (1st ed). Pearson Learning Solutions. Retrieved from http//devry.vitalsource.com/books/9781256084068/id/ch02lev2sec9 * Waldbusser, S. ((2000, May)2000, May). Rfc 2819. Retrieved from http//tools.ietf.org/html/rfc2819 * Rouse, M. ((2010, November)2010, November). Rmon (remote network monitoring). Retrieved from http//searchmobilecomputing.techtarget.com/definition/RMON * Javvin. (n.d.). Rmo n remote monitoring mibs (rmon1 and rmon2). Retrieved from http//www.javvin.com/protocolRMON.html

An Unforgettable Return to My High School Campus

An Unforgettable Summer Return to My Senior High School Campus After being obsessed throughout the building block school year, I was longing for some places provided for inner peace and tranquility, even though I had nothing to do but sit more or less all(prenominal) day looking at the bight and azure sky, not worrying I would get filthy when lying on the dungy run aground. Finally I obdurate to get return to my senior high campus, in which it used to be the most familiar and enjoyable place Ive experienced.It was one Sunday afternoon I chose to go back to my hometown school, after riding my second-hand motorcycle for 15 minutes I reached a gray aluminum building that looked like a huge monster stand up in front of me. Inside the campus, the air was as fresh as I breathed from the remote mountains, and all I could hear was the beautiful fil lead with joy and happiness from the youngsters playing around the campus. The sun shined through dense green foliage of flame trees and f illed the ground with little spotlights, which cast light on my body and on every step I took when locomote through the pavement inside the campus.I kept walking on, as what I usually did in those three years of high school life, until the intimate gate of the campus appeared in my sight. It is a scarlet red gate, which led to the vibrant campus, the palace full of memory for all graduated students. On the half way to my classroom, I stopped, looked up at the beige-tiled five-story building just keister the gate, and wondered if there was any difference between the one now in front of me and the one I used to see. Nothing changed it stood solemnly and calmly as usual.For me, the beige-tiled building as well as the whole campus was once an important part of my life, like an intimate old friend, yet for the building I suggested , it seemed that I was just another passerby. Between the building and the wall of the campus stood a row of tall coconut trees, whose large pale green leav es excitedly swung with the wind and verbalise hello to me. I replied them with a smile, and then walked through the hall on the ground floor of the building and stopped in front of the sports field. Several appeals were in the middle of the field for many kinds of ball games.The hard grey grounds must be used to peoples footsteps, sweat and roars, I guess. flavour at the basketball court, I could smell the hot air of summer that mixed with countless times of energy and enthusiasm. The white straight sidelines around the court and the basketball stands towering on two sides of the field seemed to be a monument, a symbol of glory that reminded me immediately of the memorable basketball games I once played with my classmates after school during the three years of my high school life.The racing track that surrounded the courts was also a memorial, which retold the story about the disdain of our relay race at the closing year of high school life. The once boiling sports field now s tayed silent and calm just as nothing was happened before. All I could feel was the summer wind that gently kissed on my cheeks, which tasted as sweet as what I used to taste in this sports field. Around the sports field were blossoms of tall Flame trees, which created a lovely and aesthetic atmosphere.I strolled along the track to take a glance at those adorable flowers, and sometimes gazed upon the clear blue sky, wondering how long I hadnt watch the sky from this place since the last time I visited. Subconsciously, I found myself standing in front of another tall building, which was ten-story high and whose skin was burgundy red. The dark green railings, where we used to bend over to either rest or visit with friends, still lay in every floor. These railings were met with so many students who strived for better grade and brighter future.I could still remember lying on them with my hands holding heavy(p) textbooks or exam papers and asking them what my college life would be like . Until then I was like a retired man recalling memories to them. Usually, these railings remained silence they showed their concern only by using their bodies to help me carry the weight of the textbooks and exam papers on my hands, the weight of an adolescents dream and future. Now, I could see that there was no weight on these railings shoulders anymore, only rusty spots and dusty marks are shown through the years.Smiling at them, I was glad to meet these considerate listeners again, though I doubted if they still recognized me, a passionate dream- catcher who once shared with them his dream and now shared with them his satisfaction of realizing the dream. Passing by the burgundy building, the sports field, the mansion house of the beige-tiled building, and finally reaching back to the scarlet red gate, I felt the sweet summer wind again blowing over my face, yet this time with a little nostalgic taste.The coconut trees waved their green hands of leaves and said goodbye to me. I t seemed that nothing was unfamiliar to me, yet nothing was left there for me to seek. Looking around the campus, I wondered when I would meet these old friends again. Knowing there was no turning-back, I finally stepped out of the campus, and turned my head to take a last look. To my gratification, the beige-tiled building, the coconut trees and the pure blue sky formed an amazingly beautiful picture, a picture of my wonderful high school life.

An Argument of Existentialism in ‘The Metamorphosis’ by Franz Kafka Essay

Argument A persons willing to live is strongly linked to the opinions of loved ones have of that person. small-arm some persons allow the will of their lives to become influenced to the opinions of their loved ones, others do not forget to factor the archetypes of human being existentialism. In order to appropriately approach the top dog brought across, one must factor in the underlying tone of the existentialist philosopher values of The Metamorphosis as written by Frank Kafka.Although many existentialist philosophers hold conflicting values across the board, thither are many key traits that follow existentialism. Therefore, I am inclined to, due to my level of thought remain impartial towards both sides of the argued statement. Humans, as sentient beings, have free will and are responsible for the effects of what they decide to do. Existentialism also rejects the purpose of human nature, a generalization that has become popular in attempting to identify objective external t ruths rather than the subjective for the individual approach.Thirdly, I hypothecate this because existentialism shows the indifference of the world towards us. Firstly, we all possess free will as independent entities apart from our society. As Gregor is dehumanized by his transformation, his family quickly deserts and rejects him of his former place in the household. The transformation can be seen as dehumanization as Gregor loses his human aspects to his self-sacrificial working ethic due to his familys wages. oneness must make the balance between himself and society.When Gregor chooses work over himself, he quickly loses his humanity, hence, the transformation. Although being alienated from his family through his dehumanization causes him to ultimately lose his will for life, Gregor is yet a prime example of how free will creates a cause and effect ripple due to the individual which is not influenced by some others opinion but ones subjective tastes. Additionally, a generaliz ation cannot be approached for this situation.Existentialism as whole, strives to reject the idea of a human nature obtained by the external objective truths that cannot be applied to the subjunctive self. Instead, humans are radically liberated by their free will in order to shape their own life and defy any generalized nature. This is not seen in Gregors life or in Kafkas novel. Irregardless, the existentialist value must be factored in an argued due to the underlying tone of the philosophy throughout the novel.Moreover, this approach dictates the worlds indifferent foundation towards human beings. As possibly symbolized by Kafka where the household represents societys indifference to its people, the Samsa family never cared for Gregor as the universe does to society. The absurdist branch of existentialism is then understandably revealed throughout the novel. The absurd nature of the novel highlights Gregors quest for purpose, for which he has lost due to the worlds indifference. It can only be here that existentialism can justify as an appropriate response. However, for some, this might not be a worthwhile approach due to the subjective nature of the mind. In conclusion, I remain indifferent to both sides due to the inability of existentialism to pinpoint whether or not this is appropriate. Human beings have free will, and this philosophy rejects the ideal of the objective truths of human nature. The will may be affected by absurdist, but infinitely varying across the board.

Tertullian’s the Prescription Against Heretics

The early Church was birthed through and through perseverance against intense persecution (i) physical persecution by the governments of the time which lauded the oppression, imprisonment, torture and death of Christians for their new religious doctrines and (ii) bright persecution by opposing religious sects who sort to denounce the doctrines of Christianity. The Prescription Against Heretics was written in response to the latter to defend the tenets of Christianity against the false teachings of heretics and religious-based philosophers.Heretics promoted controversial views which were in ambition to those offered by Christian doctrine, with the intention of creating followers of their beliefs. Religio-philosophers were quasi-Christians who promoted the use of intellect and logic to understand Christianity and in doing so, never becoming Christians. Tertullian saw the end of philosophy as heterodoxy and categorizes both as the same. Tertullian defends Christianity by describing heresies as powerless, fall(a)ible and only expressive of a lack of religion he therefore provides a govern of faith as a measure and the countenance for Christianity.Tertullian was born in the city of Carthage, North Africa, around 160 C. E. He was raised as a pagan, was able to read and write in Greek and Latin and received an excellent education in grammar, literature, philosophy, law and rhetoric. He became a Stoic alone later converted to Christianity at the age of forty years. Within medieval Christian history, Tertullian is classified as an Apologist a theologian who, during the era of red persecution of Christians, used writings to defend Christianity against its challengers.His apologetic writing, The Prescription Against Heretics, reads as a legal defense line of reasoning against philosophers and influential heretics such as Marcion, Plato, Valentinus, Zeno and the Stoics. Many of these were employ logic to question Christianity and created doubt in rough of the believers, which attracted Christians away from the Faith. In chapter fourteen of The Prescription, Tertullian stated that he felt morally obligated to counteract the teachings of heretics.This was by chance because he had firsthand experience with the flaws of religio-philosophical reasoning and now, through his conversion, experiencing the personal joys of faith in Christianity. Tertullians first line of defense against heresies was to show that they atomic number 18 indeed powerless and inconsequential to the strength of Christianity. In doing so, he is able to circumvent the trepidation that the early Christians may redeem had regarding heretical influences. Any advance of a heretical teaching against the Church would be only temporary and unsuccessful much like a short-lived, passing illness.According to Tertullian, heresies are only healthy in appearance because of the few individuals who were already weak in their faith and allowed themselves to be ensnarled in the whims of false teachings. For these individuals to be drawn away has no effect on the veracity of Christianity. Airing confidence in his subscriber line, Tertullian says, Heresies derive such strength as they have from the infirmities of individuals having no strength whenever they encounter a really powerful faith, his new erect faith, Christianity.As a shepherd expects and accepts that wolves will after his flock and in fact capture a few, in like way of life Tertullian parallels the existence of heresies in Christendom. He uses this allegory to encourage the second century Christians with the view that non only did the Lord forewarned the Church that heresies will arise and believers some will indeed be loss but also that they should celebrate their proven faithful to God by non allowing themselves to be trapped by the heretics.Continuing to promote the authority of Christianity, Tertullian asserts that heresies only exist because God is using them to train and strengthen the fa ith of the believers. Other than that, they are simply foolishness. Tertullian clears the slate of all the popular supposed intellectuals by revealing their fallibility no matter how well-intended, all of their teachings amount to the same questions repeated in divers(prenominal) ways by different the men, but producing the same answer that is, there will never be an answer until you accept the overarching authority of the Scripture of God.Tertullian asked the question, What has Athens to do with Jerusalem? , to horizontal surface out that philosophical methods of inquiry have nothing to do with teaching by the authority of scripture and the church alone has the authority to declare what is and what is not orthodox Christianity. Perhaps Tertullian had observed this reality in his personal search for truth based upon intellectualism and saw that he had to relinquish his intellect to the ultimate authority of God and in doing so he found fulfillment.Tertullian is covering every a rgument that a heretic may use to justify himself, especially in their passion for attempting to juxtapose philosophy with Christianity, and using scripture to support their recurring questions. He is using his legal background and training in rhetoric to give way support to the Church. In The Prescription, Tertullian directly identifies the seek, and ye shall find scripture (Matthew 77) as a prominent passage misunderstood and misused by heretics to justify their continual questioning of the Word of God.He argues that heretics take this scripture out of context and interpret what was meant literally for the Jewish community of Jesus time as the same for the heretics of his day. Tertullian supports this argument from the position that, like him, the heretics are Gentiles and in the time of Jesus, Gentiles did not have access to salvation. Therefore, they had no knowledge of what to seek, where to knock or who to ask. This access only came through the instruction of the apostles by virtue of the Holy Ghost.His conclusion was that this Scripture was only to be used as a figurative example for the heretics and therefore they should give up to question divine scripture. This misinterpretation only adds to the unreliability and the inadequacy of the human intellect of heretics as sources of truth compared to the church which has access to Divine Truth. According to Tertullians argument, because heretics continue to seek it means that they have found what they were looking for, if they have not found, they cannot believe and if they do not believe, they are not Christians.And if they are not Christians then they have no right to quote or plow the Bible inside or outside the Church. To separate his intellect from those of the heretics and to show himself to as a true Christian with divine permission to use the Bible, Tertullian draws many of his examples directly from the Scriptures. Tertullian argued that Christians and heretics use the Bible for different reas ons. Christians use it to access truth in God and to increase their faith while oppositely, it was the use of philosophy which drove heretics to continual curious inquires of the Scripture.But, in reality these inquires amounted to a lack of faith by the philosophers. His position was that once an individual had sought and found truth in the teachings of Christ, that person need not seek anything further and should fully believe in that which he had found. To keep seeking meant that the individual had not believed or had faith in what they had found in Christ. This would be core measure between a Christianity and heresy. A Christian seeks the word of God, finds it and believes this is faith and this is therefore a Christian.For a heretic, he goes into the scripture without knowing what he is looking for and questioning everything he finds in the scripture this is a lack of faith and this is not a Christian. For Tertullian, the solution was a complete expulsion of philosophers beca use they will never know for what they are seeking, where they are knocking or to whom they are asking, and to have them around would only give possibilities for them to destroy the Church. He urges Christians to not get involved in discussions with philosophers and heretics and to only discuss matters related to Christ with other Christians, without weakening the rule of faith.He offers a summary of the Christian creed, the rule of faith, as the basis for inquiry and once an individual had found truth in the rule regarding the role of God, The Son and the Holy Spirit, there should be no further searching. In his writing, Tertullian uses Luke 1842 to assert that it is the faith of individuals that would save them and not their ability to debate Scripture. The truth of their belief lies in the rule of faith and to go outside of the rule would be to enter into heresy which inevitably will lead to destruction.In this period of questioning and persecutions, Tertullian felt that all Chri stians must know what they have obtained through God and through the scripture. With this faith, they will not be shaken by threats of violence from the government and the threats of corruption by the heretics. Tertullians position in the separation of Christianity from philosophy and heresies is that the latter two have no connection with the former. Philosophy is not based upon faith but rather distracts away from it and induces heresies.In turn, heresies induce further heresies and it is the intention of these heretics to seduce Christians away from their archetype doctrinal beliefs. He illustrates this by purporting that intellect cannot understand the spiritual and the people who believe in intellect cannot be considered a part of the church. To unite the two polarities, Christianity and philosophy, would be to create a polluted doctrine. Christians must not allow themselves to be swayed by the religio-philosophical practice of using scripture.He also offers that there is not hing more(prenominal) enjoyable that Christianity and because of the pleasures from Christs teachings there was no need to search for anything further. Whether in sympathy or in condemnation, Tertullian attempts to use his Prescription Against Heretics as an uncontestable argument in defense of his Christianity against the vices of heretics and religio-philosophers. According to Tertullian, everything that an individual needs can be found in the rule of faith the most enjoyable belief, which he has discovered and now vigorously defend.

Man Warms Up The Earth Essay

Abstract umpteen causes of orbiculate transfigure give been theorized by scientists and searchers for decades. Some say it is caused by internal causes like orbital artificial satelliteary alignments and geothermal progression of the country while there atomic number 18 humanesy who contradict by saying that man has brought it upon himself with his constant abuse of the environment. Economical and political principles add up to the confusing line being focus on. Whatever the causes may truly be, planetary change is already causing enough trouble for mankind and everything should be done to relegate or slow it d protest.Man Warms Up The Earth ball-shaped thaw is a very sensitive issue in the scientific field. Many scientists and environmentalists are doing their best to create programs for governments and communities to become more aware of human activities that are aggravating the situation. Many people believe that industrialization and other capitalist concerns h ave to stop or slacken its pace to rehabilitate the disgraced environment. in that location are those, however, who in like manner believe that nature is entirely running its usual course and that man does not have any way to stop it. The debates have grown mostly in favor of those who believe that man causes spheric warming. A large number of studies have already been released and reported through different media like television, radio, newspapers, scientific journals, magazines, etc. Countries have already tried to address the problem by convening through agreements like the Kyoto Protocol and the Montreal Protocol. Assessments of these activities, however, do not always turn out that the agreements have been enough to really create change in the damage mankind has been doing to his environment. These studies, agreements and activities lead to the conclusion that world(a) warming and soils destruction is inevitable and coming too fast. It creates a sense of panic for those who would read and listen to the debates being engaged in by scientists and environmentalists. This paper seeks to know the real causes of global warming and to conclude whether man truly gives a great contribution to the issue.What is global warming? Global warming pertains to the increasing hot temperature within the planet. According to scientific studies, cytosine dioxide and methane gases collect in the melodic line and class a sort of thick blanket that traps the agitate within the earth. When heat is trapped, the resulting humor becomes warmer and changes the natural temperature and weather of the planet. Although global warming seems just a simple change towards hotter temperatures, its effects raft be devastating. Warmer temperatures female genital organ fox glaciers melt which posterior cause the release of greenhouse gases and unavoidable water shortages in certain areas of the globe. The melting ice can also cause big floods that can drown out numerous parts o f the world. Warmer sea surfaces can lead to more serious hurricanes. The rise temperature also causes the increase of pests and the diseases that come along with it. The change in temperature can also adjoin the many habitats of the 30 million other creatures on earth and further their extinction which will upset the bionomical balance steady more. Man may be the unaccompanied driving force towards these changes yet these affect the total universe of the whole world. According to different scientists, global warming has two major causes natural and man- do or anthropogenic.Natural Causes Theories and Myths? Global warming, round scientists believe, is a predicament that is inevitable because of the earths cycle of climate changes and natural emission of greenhouse gases by living creatures. Evidences have been given to show that these factors are the main cause of the issue. Climate Change Cycle. Scientists say that the earth changes its climate every thousands of familys al though there are variations to the number being projected. There are those who believe that the cycle is every 40,000 years but according to the studies made by Tom Scheffelin (2007), a member of the California Air Re rises Board, the climate cycles may be within conclusions of 1,800 years.He argues that based on marine scientist, Otto Pettersson, the relation of the sun with the orbital alignment of the earth and its moon occurs in the suggested period and this causes the alteration of underwater movement which in turn results to a modified ocean temperature change that consequently revises climate. Petterssons theory is based on his own review of many studies including Peter Freuchens Book of the S fifty-fifty Seas (2003) which gives concrete observations and evaluations of tidal cycles.This theory was supported by Dr. Charles Keeling, a carbon dioxide scientist, through his research entitled, The 1,800-Year Oceanic Tidal Cycle A Possible Cause of Rapid Climate Change, which give s many analysis of ice-core and deep-sea sediment-core records regarding the past million years. According to these theories, the planet shall continue to warm up until the year 2350 and may only return to its current state of temperature after around 900 years. Carbon Dioxide Emissions. Living creatures naturally take place carbon dioxide as a product of breathing in oxygen. Also according to Scheffelin, current carbon dioxide emissions should not be affecting climate change towards global warming as other scientists propose. Carbon dioxide levels track temperature changes between 300 to 1,000 years after the temperature has changed. (par. 8) This simply means that carbon dioxide responds to normal biological activity and does not create changes in the earths climate. Methane Gas Emissions and the Arctic Tundra. Some scientists believe that the Arctic Tundras gradual thawing is a natural phenomenon and should not cause concern. These researchers theorize that the geothermal heat radiating from the core of the earth is causing the oceans to get warmer. While this is happening, the ocean slowly kale absorbing carbon dioxide at its present rate. This is a cause for concern because the carbon dioxide content of oceans are fifty times greater than the amount in the atmosphere. Therefore, even if only a two percent decrease rate happens, the amount contained by the atmosphere shall double and cause the oceans to increase its hot temperature even more. There are also theories that say that if the shallow Arctic Ocean will get warmer, it shall release more methane gas which will eventually make the atmosphere even warmer.Al Gore, in his book, The Shadow Our forthcoming Throws (2006), explains that this can cause a great acceleration for global warming. When the tundra begins to thaw, methane gases will be emitted to the atmosphere and each methane molecule is twenty times more effective as a greenhouse gas than each molecule of carbon dioxide. (p. 53)Man-Made Cau ses Many causes of global warming are currently being attributed to mans own destruction of his environment. Specific causes include fossil fuel desirous, pollution, population, poor friendship of environmental use and economic policies that threaten our natural resources. Fossil Fuel Burning. According to scientists, the destroy of fossil fuels release carbon dioxide molecules into the air and these form a thick blanket that traps heat within the planet. Fossil fuel is needinessed for many of the machines and transportation vehicles that man is using for economic development. Without fossil fuel, industries will not be able to flourish and the economies of many countries will fall. Carbon dioxide is not the only greenhouse gas that attributes to the entrapment of heat within the earth. Fossil fuels, as the boot implies, are resources that have to be uncovered from the earths layers underground. Digging up fossil fuel not only releases carbon dioxide but also methane, some ot her greenhouse gas. Continual excavation for fuel and the resulting release of greenhouse gases is therefore dangerous. However, digging up these greenhouse gases is only the start of the problem because the reincar country of fossil fuel and its use also result to pollution that adds to the growing problem of global warming. Pollution. Air pollution is one of the greatest concerns of environmentalists. Scientists who support these ecologically concerned groups say that emissions from cars and other vehicles that use fossil fuel are worsening global warming. According to the Natural Resources Defense Council (2007), automobiles are the second largest source of carbon emissions which creates around 1.5 billion tons of carbon dioxide yearly from the get together States alone. From another part of the planet, Asians have also studied their own contribution to the problem of carbon dioxide emissions. In a study made by Dollaris Suhadi and his colleagues (2005) from the environmental s tudies faculty of Universiti Putra Malaysia, the photochemical smogginessginess in Metropolitan Jakarta is also a major contributor to the problem of air pollution. According to researchers, photochemical smog is a condition that develops when nitrogen oxides and volatile organic compounds (VOC) are created by the burning of fossil fuel and biomass and are mixed with sunlight to produce dangerous secondary gas pollutants. Ground-level ozone is then produced. The results of the research concludes that smog pollution potential in the location is high because of the increasing traffic emissions of ozone precursors and the meteorological conditions (warm tropic temperature, high solar radiation and calm wind conditions). (p. 118) Coal burning is also another major contributor to air pollution. This activity is common to many countries because it is a process necessary to get power for the operation of many machinery. Coal-burning power plants are the largest U.S. source of carbon dioxid e pollution they produce 2.5 billion tons every year. (Natural Resources Defense Council, par. 1) Ozone Layer. In the 1980s, concern over the use of chlorofluorocarbons (CFC) in chemical ware was raised in relation to global warming. According to a report published on In Focus, a newsletter propagated by the Interhemispheric Resource sharpen and Institute for Policy Studies, CFCs and other chemicals are destroying the ozone layer of the earth.The ozone layer is important because it blocks off enough basal violet rays of the sun towards the earth. Excessive exposure to the ultra violet rays causes skin cancer. According to the report, ozone layer depletion is masking the problem of global warming because its effect on the stratosphere makes the climate seem cooler than it should. The ozone layer simply aids in deceiving people from knowing the alarming rate at which global warming is rising. Global warming and ozone depletion are interrelated because the rising temperature of the earth also adds to the content of water vapor in the atmosphere. This traps infrared heat in the parts of the atmosphere nearer the earth that should have been thrown bear out into outer space via the stratosphere.On the average, the earth as a whole reflects around 30 percent of the total radiation back into space and a change in the amount of water vapor or any other element in the ozone layer can affect the heating or cooling of the atmosphere. (Tillery, 2007, p. 577) When the stratosphere is cooler, the increase in water vapor would have an effect on the increase of ice crystals within the ozone, concentrating on the polar regions wherein the CFCs are flinch to stay. The CFCs in the ozone near the polar region will then hasten the depletion of the ozone layer at an even faster rate.Population. The seemingly uncontrollable rise of population is another source of concern that can result to global warming. A research was made by a group of scientists from Canada and Spain, regar ding the possibility of humans and internal animals contributing highly to the problem of rising planetary temperatures. The research was done by using allometric relationships that depict standard metabolic and defecation range of the human and animal populations based on data that were gotten from the 2002 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development and the Population Division of the Department of Economic and Social Affairs of the United Nations.According to the results, the combined direct and indirect metabolic sources, estimated at 3.1 GtC year-1 have increased 7 fold since pre-industrial times and are predicted to continue to rise. (Praire, et.al., 2007, p. 217). This therefore indicates that carbon emissions from living creatures also have a direct effect on the warming temperatures of the environment and may need to be considered for further studies involving global warming. some other cause for global warming attributed to population growth is the destruction o f natural timbres being done because of the need for additional housing and income. When the population increases, the need for tax shelter and urbanization also increases. These result to the need to clear up forests for villages and cities. Trees have to be cut down to make houses and furniture. Raw lands have to be rancid into farms to create income from agriculture. This has happened in many countries, especially the Third World nations who are grappling in order to cope up with world economy.Denudation of Forests. Forests are the very basic in the ecological system of balance. This is because much of the carbon dioxide on earth is replaced and converted into oxygen by the many trees and plants in these areas. one(a) of the major concerns of environmentalists is the rampant denudation of forests that could attend in the balancing off of the carbon emissions of man.A great example of how forests can real affect global climate was explained by Al Gore.When I was flying over t he Amazon rain forest in a small plane, I was struck by what happened immediately after a thunderstorm moved across an area of the forest as soon as the rain stopped, clouds of moisture began to rise from the trees to form new rain clouds that moved west, driven by the wind, where they provided the water for new rain falling out of new thunderstorms. An interruption of this natural process can have a magnified impact. And when the overarching canopy of leaves is removed, the sudden warming of the forest floor leads to the release of huge quantities of methane and CO2, as a kind of biochemical burning takes place. (p. 51) The example mentioned above is merely a depiction of how important forests are to mankind with respect to global warming. The Amazon forest and the ones in Indonesia make up most of the forest reserves of the world. The importance of these forests cannot be undermined according to Franz J. Broswimmer (2002).According to this environmentalist, the top 15 underdevelo ped countries who are debtors of international institutions have tripled the rates of forest denudation. This is caused by the race towards international economic survival. Brazil and Indonesia, for example, are some of the heaviest indebted countries who count on their virgin forests for the production of new goods that would earn their nations payments to world banks. The deforestation rates of these countries have increased by 82 percent and 245 percent respectively since the 1970s. (p. 89) The rampant increase of deforestation, without the allotment for lay new trees to replace the old ones, carry great implications in the upset of the natural ecological balance of the earth. Economic Policies. Governments of different countries have been so focused on getting their numbers right for their Gross National Products but have disregarded the usurpation of natural resources. Many international organizations have convened to help the growth of the underdeveloped or Third World Countr ies but have consistently ignored the possible consequences of their agreements to the earth itself. According to a study made by Julius Kenneth Ningu (2006) and his colleagues regarding the effect of the North American Free Trade Agreement (NAFTA)co, the economic agreements made had a negative effect on the countrys environment. The research analyzed the activities that happened from 1994 to 2004 since the NAFTA was agreed upon. Before NAFTA, 70 percent of imports were tax free and did not result to an increase in the destruction of the environment. In fact, Mexico launch monitoring programs for pollution and had environmental policies being strictly followed. However, the NAFTA forced Mexico into an economic crisis and by the end of the first year, the countrys government had to relax its environmental policies by almost 45 percent.By the year 2002, In 2002, the costs of environmental degradation and natural resources depletion amounted to 65,934 million dollars the expenses mad e in the same year for protection and reduction of environmental damage generated by production activities reached an amount of 3,473 million dollars. This means that only 53 percent was recovered from the depletion of the natural resources used.The spate of the environmental degradation was generated by air pollution due to the industrial factors and automobile emissions which accounted for 79.5 percent but 2.4 percent was alluded to the problem of forest denudation because of the need for timber products. (p. 7) Taxes have been instituted for protection of the environment. However, the damage being done is excessive compared to the gains and the government is hesitant to improve these conditions due to the problem of the economy. Robert Suzuki, a staunch environmentalist, criticizes the denominate of view of economists with the disregard for the environment. According to his book, The Suzuki Reader (2003), economists continue to ignore the problems that their policies are making for the environment in lieu of monetary gains.global economics is in the end destructive because it is fatally flawed it externalizes the natural capital and services that keep us alive while glorifying human inventiveness as if it allows us to melt finite limits and manage our biophysical surroundings it assumes that endless growth is possible and necessary and represents progress it does not value long-term social and ecological sustain force it rejects caring, cooperation, and sharing as irrational while promoting selfishness and it cannot incorporate the reality of spiritual needs. (p. 93) The need for global economists to unite with environmentalists is great if global warming is to be averted or slowed down. Many studies have already been made to point out that economics plays a major role in the activities of mankind that directly affect the destruction of the environment which causes changes in the earths climate. Lack of Education. One of the worst problems that is wreak ing havoc on the environment is lack of education. Although many studies have already been made to note that many of human activities are endangering every ones survival on the planet, many people are still unaware that the lifestyle being promoted by capitalism does so. Most of the educational information being propagated in schools are related to pollution but the increased demand for progress ultimately sets these principles aside. polish Mans own industrial progress is making the earth a terrible place to live in whether these are causing global warming or not. The activities being made in the name of economics is feeding on the natural warming of the earth. Some may say that orbital alignments of the earth, moon and sun give rise to the eventual thawing of the arctic tundra. However, the increased release of methane and carbon dioxides due to pollution is aggravating it. This problem would not have been so serious if man were disciplined enough to put ecological balance uprigh t by replacing the natural resources that has been continually abject for his need for progress.Global warming is already existent even when scientists debate on its causes. Natural causes are unavoidable and will continue to exist even if man tries to stop them. However, man-made causes are totally in human control. Air pollution and denudation of forests are increasingly adding to the number of problems that global warming is not even part of. Sicknesses like lung cancer and chronic coughs are caused by air pollution. Denudation of forests lead to the deaths of many people because of the landslides and flashfloods it causes. Pestilence and the concomitant illnesses that are produced by it are also because of the rampant deforestation that many governments are ignorantly encouraging for national development. The issue of global warming is only one among the basic problems that man has to resolve due to undisciplined acts of torturing the environment. Aggravating natural causes to the warming of the earth is still a major agreement for concern and capitalism will never be a good excuse for destroying the only planet humans and the other 30 million creatures can live on.ReferencesBroswimmer, F.J. (2002). Ecocide and Globalization. Ecocide A Short recital of the MassExtinction of Species. London Pluto.Gore, A. (2006). The Shadow Our Future Throws. New York Rodale. Pp. 36 55.Natural Resources Defense Council. (2007). Issues Global Warming. Retrieved butt against 3, 2008, from http//www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/f101.aspNingu, J.K., Jacome, J.T., Silva Gomez, S.E. and Aviles, R.P. (2006). The Effects of North America Free Trade Agreement on Mexican Environmental Policy (1994-2004). American Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 2(1). Pp. 5-8.Praire, Y.T. and Duarte, C.M. (2007). control and Indirect Metabolic CO2 Release by Humanity. Biogeosciences, Vol. 4, pp. 215 217.Scheffelin, T. (2007). Global Warming Causes Carbon Dioxide ill-considered Scientific Co nsensus Stifles Progress. Design News. Retrieved borderland 3, 2008, from http//www.designnews.com/ hold/CA6493634.htmlSuhadi, D.R. Awang, M., Hassan, M.N., Abdullah, R. and Muda, A.H. (2005). Review of photochemical Smog Pollution in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), p. 110 118.Suzuki, D. (2003). Hubris of Global Economics, Economics and Politics. The Suzuki Reader. VancouverGreystone.Tillery, B. (2007). Physical Science. New York McGraw-Hill.Annotated BibliographyBroswimmer, F.J. (2002). Ecocide and Globalization. Ecocide A Short History of the MassExtinction of Species. London Pluto.The book is about how global economy is actually hastening the depletion of the earths natural resources. The author believes that a thriving global economy is not the most important thing that should concern mankind. It is the opinion of the writer that the environment should be the priority because it is our primary source for survival.Gore, A. (20 06). The Shadow Our Future Throws. New York Rodale. Pp. 36 55.This book is about how mankinds activities are affecting the environment. It uses specific examples experienced by the author to show the importance of ecological balance. It also gives theories like the feedback loop to show how each activity (man-made or natural) has interrelated effects on life and habitat.Natural Resources Defense Council. (2007). Issues Global Warming. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http//www.nrdc.org/globalWarming/f101.aspThe article is meant to make people understand the basic information about global warming. It includes statistics and explanations on the causes and effects of global warming. It also ventures to suggest that the U.S. government has the ability to impose change on the world when it comes to ecological concerns because it is the top-most contributor to the damage of the habitat.Ningu, J.K., Jacome, J.T., Silva Gomez, S.E. and Aviles, R.P. (2006). The Effects of North America Free Tr ade Agreement on Mexican Environmental Policy (1994-2004). American Journal of Environmental Sciences Vol. 2(1). Pp. 5-8.This research is about the negative effects of Mexicos economic policies on the environment. It sought to larn how much damage has been caused in lieu of progress. The research criticized that the Mexican government has to double its initiative in caring for the environment but is constrained by the need to uphold economic principles.Praire, Y.T. and Duarte, C.M. (2007). Direct and Indirect Metabolic CO2 Release by Humanity. Biogeosciences, Vol. 4, pp. 215 217.This research tried to analyze the difference between the natural carbon dioxide emissions of humans and animals in the pre-industrial era to the current situation. The researchers made use of recognized international organizational statistics to show the difference.Scheffelin, T. (2007). Global Warming Causes Carbon Dioxide Erroneous Scientific Consensus Stifles Progress. Design News. Retrieved March 3, 2008, from http//www.designnews.com/article/CA6493634.htmlThis article is made to show how environmentalists and scientists are creating panic over a natural phenomenon such as global warming. The article reveals studies made by other scientists who believe that the earth is merely undergoing a climate cycle that has been in place due to natural causes. The article sought to contradict other scientists and criticized that people are being made to panic when there is nothing that can be done anyway.Suhadi, D.R. Awang, M., Hassan, M.N., Abdullah, R. and Muda, A.H. (2005). Review of photochemical Smog Pollution in Jakarta Metropolitan, Indonesia. American Journal of Environmental Sciences, 1(2), p. 110 118.The research is about how ground-ozone is created in Jakarta and its effect on smog pollution levels. The research shows that the major contributor for smog pollution is the automobile use. It also showed that weather or climate conditions can intensify the rate of smog pollution.S uzuki, D. (2003). Hubris of Global Economics, Economics and Politics. The Suzuki Reader. VancouverGreystone.This book is a compilation of many articles written by the author regarding the effect of global economy and politics on the environment. It cites many instances wherein the government policies for economic progress have harmed mans habitat. It also seeks to find economists who should help in the environmental cause because the author believes that the economy is actually based on its natural resources that could be depleted if not taken care of properly.

Man Is His Own Worst Enemy Essay

Right from the beginning, earth rules supreme over all other life forms. He establishes himself at the top of the food chain, he goes through carkstaking experiments to lit up the darkness that comes at night and through decades of scientific progression he is able to pit himself against the unpredictable weather changes. Thus he is able to place himself parallel to cosmic significance. He then proceeds to defeat the bombardment of diseases and the invisible enemies known to us as bacteria and viruses and conquers geographical hurdles. Man sustains his own survival in ways no other life forms can. The educate ways in which Man maintains his existence remain uncontested by any other life forms.Clearly, kind-hearteds set themselves apart from the other species because the hu creation body is gifted with impeccable understandingual abilities. At a glance at all the achievements creation had single handedly accomplished over the time, one must(prenominal) think what mortal hand or eye could challenge man for his position. further one may want to think again. No animals would inflict pain on another of their own kind, or even other kinds, for reasons other than self-defence and food. Yet the intelligent Man would. History of mankind illustrates mans propensity to achieve his personal greed and glory at the expanse of another of kind. This aspect of Man remains uncontested too.I opened my unhorse box one morning and received a copy of The Economist. The front cover reads A heart-rending but necessary war. It is rather amazing how man can associate war with the term necessary. The article speaks of the retaliation of United States against the terrorist attacks of September 11th 2001. After the two bulky wars that threatened to obviate the entire tapestry of humanity in the twentieth century, Man politic has not learned. Man has ironically progressed from an uncivilised state to now where killing separately other has move around a necessity. Dropping bom bs and food supplies at the same time is evidence of the disillusionment that man brings upon himself. The anti-terrorist war in Afghanistan comprises a serial of bomb attacks targeted on terrorists camps.At the same time food supplies are also being dropped on similar grounds, targeted on innocent civilians. Surely by supplying food to the civilians man must have contemplated initially the repercussions that would follow if a war should begin? Perhaps we should applaud that man has finally strand civilised way waging a war? Or does itreinforce that the greatest tragedy lies in the fact that man is aware of the consequences of his own action and still continues with it? War could only mean one thing civilians from both sides die, guilty and non-guilty alike. Man is torn between what is essentially right and wrong. He chooses to kill somewhat and save some. At the end of the day he realises that it doesnt have to be that way at all if he had kept to what is essentially necessary, that is peace. But no, man would not hear of that now. He would want to venture into something he does not know and learn things the hard way, bringing down with him innocent lives and cherished natural resources vital for future consumption. Man has now to face the unbeatable monster in him.Consider the nuclear and biochemical weapons that man has invented. Is this another daftness of the fallen man? That, we are not sure just as yet but we know nuclear weapons are not built because they go a dour to be another richly-tech devices set in trend. It is because the existence if nuclear weapons also comes with it a newfound power for the owner. A power to kill and to control. Finally, man has found the ultimate killing means that promises high death rates and effective elimination of any party that get in his way with great ease. But the underlying nuances for such creation is scarier, the insinuation that man would destroy each other at some point in time willingly, without posit ive consideration for the consequences of it.This is quite ironic for man who wielded such supreme intellect, to not to consider his actions. Or is it that Man just does not care? Examine the deterrent example of Hiroshima and Nagasaki, where the first atomic bombs were dropped and killed more than the actual number at that time. The ghost of the event still haunts many today psychologically and physically. The bombs that US are move on Afghanistans territories are supposed to explode upon reaching the ground but many did not. These bomblets would then maim and kill many like landmines long after the war has ended. Man has set out to kill themselves after centuries of trying to survive? The numbers killed in relative to proportion is explicitly high and man still could not explain himself.World War II saw the physical manifestation of evil in man. Over six billionJews were expeditiously eradicated for good from the face of the earth. Consider the methodical and efficient ways the Jews are killed tells of man who would inflict torture and pain on another first mate human being maliciously and intentionally for basically no reason at all. Even if the whole war boils down to the one sole swashbuckler proprietor, Hitler, it gives no reason for the rest below him to carry out such senseless killings simply because it was an order. It still astounds many that such acts that cause such mutual exclusiveness now did not seem so to the culprits at that time. Man is such complicated creature that his existence is full of conflicts within himself. To defeat your enemy must mean that you understand him, but man is now faced with an enemy that he could not at all comprehend despite the natural intellect ordained from above.A famous philosopher once said that the greed in man sows the seeds of deceit and eventually downfall of the man himself. Adam Smiths theory of the laissez faire, to put it nicely, is the liberal provideances for man to exploit the resources for hi s own satisfaction. Karl Marx opposes that theory and put it simply that such freedom of actions in economy would eventually allow the greed of man to multiply itself until it could not contain itself, thus the outburst of despair would mark the end of humanity.In Singapore, we are faced with the worst street corner since the 1960s and approximately 30000 to 40000 people are out of job. In the US, more than 400 000 people are laid off in two months and numbers are still expected to rise. What we are seeing here is that the players in the economy have played against themselves. During these times, those who had hands in the stocks investments set out themselves literally with nothing. The Notices atom in the newspapers sees an increase in the number of bankruptcies.Participants in the race for property ownerships in Singapore, particularly during the mid 1990s experienced an exponential plunge in property prices and landed themselves in unending debts. Greed for purchasing power t empted many to subscribe to more than one credit card and now find themselves not able to keep afloat in the interests that tantamount to hundreds of thousands of dollars. Many do not realise their own folly until they fall flat in their faces. Hence the greed, miscalculation and speculative spiritbecomes what responsible for the downfall of man.In daily ventures, individuals often find themselves entangled in webs of deceit, lies, manipulation, jealousy and spite. Many times, Man is the cause of failed relationships and careers. Over-indulgence and yielding to temptations, it seems like Mans nature works like the double-edged sword. It could build or destroy oneself. Life progresses from one of smiling existence to one of struggle. In every man lies the green-eyed monster, the inextinguishable greed and within these also is the struggle of conscience. Thus is the nature of man who has become so intricate and practically unfathomable. Until man could finally understand himself, wha t he wants and what is essentially necessary in life, he remains his own worst enemy.

Immanuel Kant and Ethical Dilemma Essay

Today there are many a(prenominal) ethical dilemmas handout on in the world, from companies misuse of funding or executives misuse of their title. Ethical behavior has to be an classical part in having a company that leave behind survive in society. There have been many philosophers that contributed to the ethical understanding we have today. On of the most influential philosophers in history of Western philosophical system is Immanuel Kant. After his fathers death in 1755 Immanuel Kant continued his degree at the University of Konigsberg and studied philosophy, mathematics, and the earthy sciences.Kant was a German philosopher that believed that morality in all spheres of human life should be grounded in reason. His far-famed categorical imperative held that (1) people should act only according to maxims that they would be forgeting to see nonplus universal norms (i. e. , the Golden Rule) and (2) people should never treat a nonher human as a agency to an end. (Dave Mote K arl Heil) Kants theory implied the necessity of trust, adherence to rules, and keeping promises (Dave Mote Karl Heil).One of the major sermon points today in the news is Health Care Reform. The medical industry has had free reign for so long that an overhaul needs to be completed. Currently there are many points in the straighten out that are still not clear and causing confusion. Frustration will be caused between the individuals that will have to buy insurance, the companies that have to provide insurance and the insurance companies that have to provide pooling coverage.The policies may recall be found to be difficult to uphold and people may feel that it may easier to contend the penalty. According to Kants theory reform should be revamped again to that it will benefit all participants and not exclude any others. In my opinion Kants theory has contributed to companies instituting polices and procedures. These policies are developed so that lag members are not treated unfairly or discriminated against as well as employees working with guidelines to be successful.I also believe that when the company runs within ethical surroundings management, mid and lower direct employees the company will be looked at as a place of distinction and most employees will behave and react in an ethical manner. References http//www. referenceforbusiness. com/encyclopedia/Bre-Cap/Business-Ethics. html. (Dave Mote Karl Heil) http//www. thesunchronicle. com/articles/2010/10/11/columns/8075350. txt. (Anthony Tiatorio).

How satisfactory is this view of Wolsey’s position as Henry VIII’s Minister Essay

Thomas Wolsey rose from being the lowly son of a scarcelycher, with various posts in the imperial answer, to become Lord Chancellor in December 1515, and remained at the pinnacle of the poofs dish up until his fall in October 1529. To stay in agent for so long, it take to be established whether he spent his measure as a retainer to the King, or as a authority in his own right. Historian G.R.Elton stated that, He had lasted so long because he knew how to promote himself, and for intimately of the time, he knew how to keep henry satisfied. Eltons speech communication indicate what I cerebrate are the two main factors in studying Wolseys ministry how he resolved the King, and how much he did for himself.It is my faith that Wolsey, despite his plentiful constitution in knowledge domains of subaltern interest to the King like well-disposed and governmental crystallise, remained so prominent in the Kings swear out due to his ability to litigate the King, allowing t otal heat to live liveness as a young Renaissance Prince. The King also felt relatively safe giving such power to Wolsey, as he didnt pose a curse to his throne in the steering that rough nobles or those of royal blood whitethorn apply posed. merely nature of the relationship between total heat and Wolsey was unusual, as it was non like the archetypal master-servant relationship. In some of his letters to Wolsey, henry sign off as your kind friend and master, or referred to hims as start out in the spiritual sense of the word. George Cavendish, a contemporary, and Wolseys butler said The pansy displayed a most loving disposition towarfareds him, especially as he was most earnest and readiest among all the council to advance the Kings mere will and pleasure. The friendship seemed to take a crap both ways, and although it has been suggested that Henry took Hampton Court by force, I am in agreement with most historians that Wolsey gave it to Henry as a gift. To judge the extent to which Wolsey did serve his master, it is necessary to analyse Wolseys work, and discover the true aim behind each of his major areas of polity.In studying Wolseys domestic policy, one must establish Henrys fictitious character in this area, and in particular, what he wanted done and how much of it he was willing to do himself. As Henry was not the first son of his father Henry VII, he had not received the same royal training that his older brother Arthur had done, thus he had never really developed an interest in royal domestic affairs. While Henry VII chose to rule the country himself, Henry VIII byword ruling his country as delegating jobs to other people so he could live a youthful life, spending time hunting and enjoying himself with other men of his age. His lack of interest in everyday administrative affairs left a void to be filled, so the arrival in the his go of someone who not only excelled in the field, but was willing to serve his every need seems to have been the main reason for the King to keep Wolsey. As Lord Chancellor, Wolsey was effectively head of the lawful system.However, as I established previously, Henrys interest in fields such as this was limited, so he gave Wolsey power to do what he pleased (but he did have to admire Wolseys straighten out before it was seeed). Wolsey became a contriver of m whatever policies of reform in the legal system, notably with his personal service in the Court of Chancery, increasing the administering of law of equity as opposed to common law, and with his revision of the use of goods and services of Star Chamber in 1516, so that it would dispense justice and oversee fairness in the legal system. The question we need to ask is how much of this was done for the King, and how much did Wolsey do of his own accord, as arguments fanny be established for either opinion.By sitting in on the Court of Chancery, Wolsey was taking on a lot of unnecessary extra work, and his enforcement of equity (w hich was seen as dangerously close to Roman Law) is secernate to suggest that Wolsey allegiance whitethorn not have only lain with Henry, but with the Pope as come up. However, Wolsey himself had little or no legal training, and the work he carried out was rather early in his ministry, which suggests that is final aim was to please the King by offering him exciting new plans of reform to keep him happy. Also, the work he carried out in Star Chamber was demanded of him by Henry. It is my personal opinion that Wolseys essential to maintain the Kings interest and appear as though he was working at a time to serve the King, and this seems to have been his main priority, as this was the key to remaining in the Kings favour.Wolseys background lay in religion rather than in law, so it seemed that anything policy he would implement would be more likely to reflect his own personal relishs, rather than as a service to the King. In 1514, he was do Archbishop of York, and in 1518, he was promoted to grandiloquent Legate (a position which was conferred on him for life in 1524), effectively making him the most powerful man in the church. The important question is that when luck the Pope in England, would he be playing for himself (and the Pope) or his master, the King? Wolseys first major policy in the church was the defence of Benefit of Clergy. In the 1515 Parliament. This itself was a bold move for Wolsey, as he had only recently been given power, and to defend something that both King and Parliament didnt approve of meant losing popularity. Nevertheless, Wolsey knelt to Henry to assure him that his power was totally unendanger by the church.This evidence suggests that Wolsey may not have ineluctably wanted to do everything that the King wanted, and he seemed to have some power of refusal over the King himself. In the church, we also witness Wolseys collection of offices, wealth and power, which we fundament hardly regard as a service to the King. His offices included Bishop of Durham and Winchester, Abbot of St Albans (one of the richest abbeys in England), as well his previous offices as Archbishop of York, Papal Legate and Lord Chancellor, providing examples of pluralism.He even charged clergy to carry out duties which he could not fulfil, in a gross example of non-residence. He derived a huge income from all of the above while maintaining power, placing him in a unique position, and freeing him up to serve the King in other ways. One thirdly of land in England belonged to the church, and this seemed to be the one of the few aspects of the church that Henry himself was displeased with, thus it can be said that the dissolution of 30 monasteries between 1524-9 would have theoretically been done for the King. In practice, Wolsey unplowed a great deal of the revenue from the monasteries, diverting it to his school in Ipswich and his college at Oxford.Social reform was one of the areas of domestic policy that least concerned the King, so it seems likely that most of Wolseys swear out in this field would not be in service to the King. His attempt to reduce the injustice of enclosures and steep via the Enclosure Commission of 1517-9 was clearly of little consequence to the King, and was more likely to be an area of policy where the King gave Wolsey freedom to implement his own policy. The fact that Wolsey carried out policies for which there is little evidence of any involvement on Henrys part suggests that Wolsey may have been more than just a servant to Henry.Wolseys immense activity in financial policy corresponds with Henrys desire for money to carry out foreign expeditions a urinatest the French. The Act of Resumption of 1515, the Subsidies of 1513-5 and 1523, the Forced Loan of 1523 all cut back his popularity, but managed to quench Henrys desire for money. However, Wolsey was seen to go one step too faraway to please his master in 1525, in asking for the Amicable Grant, while the forced loan of 1523 was t acit being collected. The country reached a state of near-rebellion, and more serious disturbances occurred in London, East Anglia and Kent. It was at this defend when the relationship between Henry and Wolsey faced its first major attack, and Henry blamed the whole thrashing on Wolsey to save himself. Wolsey himself had largely been opposed to his attempts to raise extra revenue for the King, yet he had been acting as the Kings servant, doing his bidding. To Henry, Wolsey was to act as a scapegoat in situations where things went wrong.The other area of domestic policy in which conflict arose between Henry and Wolsey was in the Eltham Ordinances of 1526. Wolsey had been struggling to eliminate those who may have influenced the King. In 1518, he had attempted to expel Henrys minions or young favourites, but his governmental reform as he called it, was reversed by Henry, indicating some tension, but more significantly indicating to Wolsey that he could not consider overpowering the K ing. It was in the Ordinances of 1526 that Wolsey again went too far. In another go of governmental reform, he was able to reduce the number of Gentlemen of the Privy Chamber from 12 to 6, and he take away enemies such as William Compton, the groom of the stool. The resultant lack of advisors around Henry angered him, and he was well aware that Wolsey was the cause of his seclusion.Wolsey had emerged as a competent unionizer during the 1512-3 French campaign, and also organised the sleep with France in 1514, proving himself to Henry as effective in diplomacy as well. Clearly, Henry was a king who sought reputation, and was full of dynastic ambition. He wanted England to be as influential in European affairs as it had been in the time of Henry V. His jealousy of his French rival, Francis I meant that he would be seeking alliances against his traditional opponent. Wolsey on the other hand was a man of humanist tendencies, sought glory in diplomacy through his desire to become the pausemaker of Europe. The Venetian Ambassador at the time stated that Nothing pleases him more than to be called the arbiter of the affairs of Christendom. In 1516, Henry wanted to restore his campaign against the French alongside the new leader of Spain, Charles V, but Wolsey managed to convince him to join a unification against French action in Italy instead.Henry clearly trusted Wolsey sufficiently to trust his advice in this are, indicating that he held more importance than that of just a servant. One aspect of Henrys personal policy is also revealing at this stage as to his relationship with Wolsey. In 1518, Pope Leo X was expressing some concern as to the advance of the Ottoman Empire into Europe, and sent cardinals around Europe to organise a unification of Christendom against them. Henry used his desperation to his advantage, refusing entry to Cardinal Campeggio, the embassy, unless Wolsey was made legate a latere (papal legate), to which the Pope agreed. In this action , Henry can be seen to have depended somewhat on Wolsey, as he was essential to Henry in maintaining some degree of control over the church in England. Wolsey, seeing an opportunity to fulfil his personal aims, took diplomatic control of the Popes mission, and turned it into an international peace conference of more than 20 countries in London.The resultant Treaty Of London was signed in October 1518, and served as a great achievement for Wolsey. It not only brought together the great powers of Europe in a universal and perpetual peace, but also put England at the centre of European affairs. More importantly, Wolsey had not needed to compromise the wishes of his master to achieve his role of peacemaker, as the treaty also allowed Englands stand up in Europe to improve, which was one of Henrys major priorities. Wolsey carried out more diplomacy to serve the King two days later, in an Anglo-French treaty in which a marriage between the Dauphin and Henrys daughter Princess Mary was p roposed. Henry was getting his most important desires fulfilled, and foreign affairs seemed to be going exceptionally well for Henry and Wolsey, until the death of the Holy Roman Emperor Maximillian, which saw Charles V become the new emperor, and imminent conflict between the newly strengthened Charles and Francis I, would see the destruction of the bright Treaty of London.In 1520, Wolseys service to his King in foreign policy continued, and faced with both sides of the conflict judgeshiping the support of England, he organised the splendorous meeting between Francis and Henry at the bowl of the Cloth of Gold, which would have seemed like the beginning of a grand peace between the two countries. However, Wolsey had to cave in his role as peacemaker to appease Henrys desire to benefit from the inevitable war, and at the Treaty of Bruges in August 1521, Wolsey served the Kings cause further by providing the possibility that Charles may marry the 8 yr old Princess Mary who Henry d esperately wanted to marry off. The war itself provided no real success for England, and only further marginalized England as a minor power in Europe. Against Wolseys desire, Henry wanted to fight on during 1523, and Wolsey was obliged to carry out his duty, in the way that any servant would, and England only met further wartime embarrassment.Despite Henrys hopes of campaigning in 1524, Wolsey managed to convince Henry otherwise, and in the following year, Wolsey took the bold step of instigating a peace with France, and the Treaty of the More was signed in August 1525, and now, a force to face the might of Charles had begun. Wolsey began to slip back into his comfortable role as peacemaker, orchestrating the League of Cognac between France and the Papal States (Wolsey made England abstain from joining, so that England remained peaceful). Another Wolsey-organised treaty was made in April 1527 between France and England in the Treaty of Westminster, which declared perpetual Anglo-Fre nch peace, promised Francis second son to Princess Mary and threatened Charles with war if he didnt join the peace. England was back at the forefront of English politics, thanks to Wolseys redemption from Henrys war failures. However, this grew inconsequential, and just as Wolsey done what Henry wanted in foreign affairs, Henrys desire for divorce grew urgent.Wolsey could reasonably expect to stay in power as long as he kept carrying out the Kings wishes, and despite his unpopularity and court faction working against him, it is clear that his inability to get Henry his divorce led to his downfall. Henrys new love Anne Boleyn managed to convince Henry that Wolsey had no use any more he couldnt get a divorce and he hadnt secured the Kings succession. In general, his service was no longer required, and historian John Guy concludes that Wolsey was destroyed because he had become a liability in the eyes of the king and was expendable. This has fundamental implications for reassessing hi s relationship with Henry. Guy is correct is saying that this sheds new light on the nature of the relationship between the two men, and suddenly, Henrys regard for Wolsey as a loving friend became trivial.This essay has been able to establish that the majority of Wolseys policy was executed in service to the King. Wolsey may have acted for his own interest in certain areas such as the church and social reform, but this was only because of Henrys lack on interest in the fields, and the trust that he placed in Wolseys service. I am therefore able to conclude that theoretically, Wolsey was the Kings Servant. However, I say theoretically, because although Wolsey was a servant to Henry in his actions, the image created by the word seems to ingrained for Wolsey.I believe that the relationship between Henry and Wolsey was strong and full of friendship when Wolsey did what was required of him. In reality, everyone in the kingdom was a servant to the King, and many people wanted to serve h im more to gain more influence. In light of this, although he was a servant, it appears to me that the word servant underestimates the immense of power that he had, despite the fact that the power was given to him by the King, and many other more complimentary words can be used to describe the importance of Wolsey to the King. Nevertheless Wolsey, as a minister, remained a servant to Henry throughout his time in power, and devoted the majority of his policy to the Kings service.

Pay It Forward Paper

You are idea that this class Is passage to be a waste of time, I see this because I was an DEED-100 student prevail semester. I also thought that it was a waste of time but the class has actually showed me close to groovy habits for studying and managing time that I willing use for the rest of my life. I am an eighteen year old who works at Innards and also has to find time with my friends and family, as puff up as playing acquitted for the USB team.I thought it would be difficult and a mass f pressure level but with DEED-100 1 use uped how to complete my time better so I could do great in college, have a job, and do hobbies in the meantime. I came Into college with a superior school mentality. I soon figured come forward a week later that I cannot be In soaring school any more I have to treat this like it is college, Like It was my future. In high school I went to bed late and would wake up, go to school, and do my homework while my teacher Instructed during class.In college I cannot do that anymore, I have to do my homework before class and turn It In right at the beginning of class with most of my professors. I also can no endless study the night before or not study at all. The material is a luck more difficult to where I have to actually study in order to achieve. My mentality had changed when I was introduced to DEED-100. Not only does it teach you better time management but it also helps you with how you are going to take on studying for exams and taking notes in class. Ye noticed that taking notes in college is a lot more complex and different than taking notes in high school. In high school you deliver down eitherthing the teacher rights down whether you understand it or not. In college the professor throws you bone, (key terms you must know ) and It Is your responsibility to write It down, study It, and know It the day of the exam. Managing homework and studying along with a pipeline and other priorities can be tough but I came up w ith a system to manage it effectively.My job does a great job at going around my schedule but sometimes it can still be hard. I just look at my work schedule for every week and I write what times Im going to study before and after work. Then I write down what times I will spend with my friends and family along with doing hobbies such as Judith. This sort my time schedule is nice and organized and I dont have to worry whether or not I have enough time. It is following your schedule that is the hardest part I really had to commit to it. Time is gold so you might as well manage your time better so you can exempt more money.This semester I had made a goal for myself, as a new college student I wanted to have at least a B average for my class grades. I knew that It would be a hard task coming In as a freshman barely designed anything intimately college and how It was going to be. But now that the snow Is falling and winter break Is coming up and my first master is coming to a comple tion and I feel pretty confident about that B average habits to the DEED-100 class and its instructor as well as my mastery as a college student thus far.She was very facilitative in all of my learning. Not only my professors are helpful though, there are other resources that have been quite useful for my success so far too. Whenever I am not too sure about a W-130 paper I can evermore count on the writing lab here on campus to help me out with my grammar and punctuation errors. Or when I am about to have a maths exam and I am not too sure on how to graph a polynomial, or factor a quadratic equation, the math lab here on amps is open almost every day of the week.These resources have guided me to success all semester. If you give DEED-100 a chance like I did you will soon find out that it can aid you in your success as a college student. Not only will you learn to have effective study and note taking skills but your college life will be a lot less stressful and difficult with you r time management skills. If taken on correctly DEED-100 will drive you to success. Sincerely.

International Marketing Research Challenges Essay

INTRODUCTIONDue to international financial issues in the recent months, consumer confidence is low in the more highly-developed marts such as Japan, the US and Europe (AFP, 2012). Therefore developing markets, such as the Australian market, argon looking towards uphill markets where the markets have remained dynamic and rich in exploitation opportunities. This is be have got emerge markets have reached a minimum train of GDP and argon in the growth phase of the development cycle (Pearson Education, 2012), however due to this growth phase these markets argon still vulnerable to both internal and external forces. With some(prenominal) companies world-wide seeking ball-shaped growth opportunities, it has never been more important for international trade search to be conducted in golf club to fully understand the consumers of these markets (Greenland, 2011). This growth of emerging markets has presented a number of challenges for international marketing enquiryers including dif ferences in enquiry costs and also environmental differences such as differences in culture and counterbalance difficulties in parley and technology.CHALLENGE 1 RESEARCH COST VARIATIONSConducting research in a different province, especially wiz that is classified as an emerging market, arouse create many another(prenominal) issues for international market detectives. For example, Greenland (2011) talked about how the depreciate of conducting research in emerging markets, such as Africa, is usually oftentimes higher than when comp atomic number 18d to projects conducted in developed countries. Even though some of these issues may be catered for at the planning stage, many of these issues are episodic and usher out occur at any stage throughout the research project, creating a high retrieve of the project going over budget. Many factors including travel costs, currency fluctuation and availability of technology raise affect the price of market research. However due to t he fact that creative research approaches are required in emerging markets, these higher prices may not be able to be overcome without a lot of research and understanding of the heathenish and economic norms of the emerging market country (Craig and Douglas 2005).As hearty as culture and economics being a factor in the high cost variations associated with research on emerging markets, the fact that infrastructure and technology is significantly limited also creating many issues to market researchers. This is because limited technology significantly limits the number of options the international market researchers have access to in cabaret to conduct their research. No or limited technology means that most market research forget need to be conducted personal. Having to conduct research face-to-face in emerging markets can introduce exceptional expenses in the act of travel and extra staff when compared to virtual interactions such as online surveys. This is because in many of these emerging markets, for example Africa, poor road networks, lack of direct flights, and the vast distances involved (Greenland 2011) return it passing difficult to reach these rural areas.As well as being time consuming, this is also a costly process with both transportation and accommodation needed to be taken into account. With these face-to-face interactions comes the line of being able to communicate with participants who are likely to speak a different language. On tracing to overcoming this problem is to train local people inwardly the emerging market to conduct the research on behalf of the international market researchers. However, this approach is only a viable option if there are no time constraints due to the fact that it is likely to take a lot of time to train these revolutionary people and make them understand what the researcher is exhausting to find out. International market research can cost a lot more than when conducting research in a developed market, however tradinges that are wanting to invest in emerging markets must plan for these extra costs if they want their new-fangled venture to succeed.CHALLENGE 2 CULTURAL DIFFERENCESEvery country has their own distinct cultural rules which can cause great confusion and problems when trying to conduct market research in a country that differs so greatly to your own country. For example, in nerve centre Eastern societies where women have very different roles to those women living(a) in more western societies. This is why the marketing research process should be modified so that it does not conflict with the cultural values (Malhotra 2010) of the country in question. In countries such as the Middle East, women are more likely to experience dismantle education and literacy rates than their western society counterparts. For this priming coat and many others, face-to-face interviewing seems to be the most viable option for conducting marketing research in these countries (Greenland, 2011). However, even with face-to-face interviews this illiteracy can lead to the respondents not able to formulate their own opinions and all instruction gained could be biased or non-existent (Malhotra 2010).Furthermore, the cultural differences in these countries can extend further than just lower education rates, with many other factors affecting the way research must be conducted in these emerging countries to be effective. For example, many Arab cultures prohibit their women to have contact with non-family males, which can cause problems with allowing male researchers to conduct face-to-face interviews (Greenland 2011). A solution to this problem could be training female researchers to conduct the research when female interviewees are needed.However as well as this being possibly dangerous and deadly to the female, in many developing countries females are the bottom class and are seen to only do household duties, therefore a job would be against cultural beliefs. The extent o f the products currently available in the emerging markets is another cultural issue that researchers must face when wanting to introduce a product. Malhotra (2010) suggests researchers need to look at the humanss attitude towards advertising, the governments control of the media and the deportment of consumers when conducting research. All of the previous factors change within different cultures which furthers heightens the need for specific research methods and ideas for different emerging markets.CHALLENGE 3 COMMUNICATION AND scientific DIFFERENCESCommunication challenges in emerging markets not only relate to language barriers only also differences in technology and cultures. Market researchers may find it very difficult to communicate the more complex ideas of their business to research participants in emerging markets where the language barrier is high. There has been a lot of research been into trying to find a way to overcome this problem. Greenland (2009), looked into using visual cues, such as photographs, to aid the research participants in obtaining a greater understanding of what the researcher was trying to convey. Craig and Douglas (2001), suggest the idea of videotaping people and analysing the behaviour observed to try and identify consumer buying habits. This however can pose many issues from whether it is legal or ethical to tape people without their knowledge and even whether cultural differences change what we would think a item behaviour conveys.Greenland (2009), also talks about the language barrier when it comes to translating information from English to Swahili in the form of a questionnaire. The Swahili version of the questionnaire was notably longer than that of the English version which impacts the time taken to conduct the research. trance Malhotra (2010) talks about translation from English to German and how the particular meaning of questions were altered when translated, which confused the final exam results. This is a pr oblem that the researchers tried and failed to overcome at the time of the research being conducted. Also tie into communication issues is the challenge of conducting research without the technology that developed markets rely so heavily on.According to Malhotra (2010) the lives of general citizens, particularly those in rural areas, of countries such as India, South Korea and many Latin American countries, are yet to be impacted by advances in science and technology. This, therefore, has an impact on how information is cool and stored and can also have an impact on the type of information a market researcher can collect. These non-existent advances in science and technology not only eliminate internet surveys or discussions but in many countries also eliminate the ability to conduct telephone interviews, with researchers unable to find hump telephone directories if the households have access to the telephone at all (Malhotra 2010). With the amount of challenges facing researche rs regarding technology, it is often much more efficient to conduct face-to-face interviews.CONCLUSIONWith the accelerating pace of market globalisation (Craig and Douglas 2005), emerging markets are gradually becoming of greater interest to largerbusinesses all around the world. To efficiently sell products in these emerging markets a lot of research needs to be done to fully understand the consumers in these emerging markets in order to effectively market and sell their product. There are many factors that make emerging markets different to sell products in when compared to developed markets including, political differences and even variations in currency. This is why it is so important to understand how to efficiently conduct research in these countries prior to selling goods.However, there are many challenges that face researchers in these emerging markets, including the different costs of research, cultural differences and communication difficulties. These challenges can cause the research to take a lot longer and cost a lot more silver than researchers would be used to. However, much research is being done to come up with solutions to combat these challenges which pass on hopefully make it increasingly easier for businesses to invest in emerging markets in the future.REFERENCESAFP 2012, Nestle saucy on emerging markets, The West Australian, viewed on 22nd June 2012, Craig, C. S. and Douglas, S. P 2005, Future Directions in International merchandise inquiry, Chapter 15 in International Marketing Research, 3rd Edition, John Wiley & Sons, viewed 22nd June Craig, CS and Douglas, SP 2001, Conducting international marketing research in the twenty-first century, International Marketing Review, Vol. 18 Iss 1, pp.80 90 Greenland, S. J 2011, Challenges of researching consumers in emerging markets. Marketing in the age of consumerism Jekyll or Hyde?, Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy Greenland, SJ 2009, Visual Research for Segmenting Emerging Mar kets, Proceedings of Sustainable Management and Marketing, Australian and New Zealand Marketing Academy congregation (ANZMAC), Melbourne, Victoria, Australia, 30 November 02 December 2009, viewed 19th June 2012